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Situation of Rabies in the Republic of Chad

Received: 1 June 2017     Accepted: 12 June 2017     Published: 17 July 2017
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Abstract

Known since the highest antiquity, rabies is a viral, mortal disease. Rabies affects all mammals, including humans, and is a threat to both public and animal health. Rabies is therefore a zoonosis. Rabies is caused by a virus belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae and gender lyssavirus. Rabies virus is an enveloped virus presenting in an electron microscopy as a shell. It is a viral disease that is characterized by encephalitis. It is poorly controlled and even increasing in many countries in Africa and Asia. In Chad, rabies is enzootic, and its diagnosis is only possible at the Veterinary and Zootechnical Research Laboratory of Farcha (LRVZ), the current Livestock Research Institute for Development (IRED). In intertropical Africa, rabies is urban; it is carried by dogs that represent the reservoir of the wild virus and the vector of the disease in humans because of the close ties they keep with humans. Other domestic animals do not intervene much. This manuscript describes the evolution of the epidemiological situation of rabies in the Republic of Chad and the results of the studies carried out in this field from 1990 to date. The results of the mass and free vaccination campaigns undertaken in 2003, 2012 and 2013 gave a vaccination coverage rate of 78, 70.83 and 71% respectively; On the other hand, the mass and paid vaccination campaign gave a vaccination coverage rate of 23%. Thanks to the results of the two mass vaccination campaigns for dogs and other companion animals, the incidence of rabies in N'Djamena drops from four (4) new cases per month in 2012 to less than two cases per month in 2014. Although efforts were made to control the diease, the existing data on canine rabies in Chad are fragmentary and do not allow accurate description of the disease situation throughout the country. To effectively control rabies in Chad, mass vaccination campaign for dogs and other companion animals must be free of charge throughout the all national territory, since the fight against rabies is a public good, an ethical imperative that can contribute to the fight against poverty. Emphasis should therefore be put on raising public awareness by using all possible means, such as radio, television, newspapers and awareness-raising meetings.

Published in Animal and Veterinary Sciences (Volume 5, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.avs.20170504.11
Page(s) 52-56
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Canine Rabies, Virus, Diagnosis, Vaccination, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemical Test, N'Djamena, Chad

References
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[6] Kayali U, Mindekem R, Yemadji N, Kanika Y, Ndoutamia AG Zinsstag J, (2003b). Coverage of pilot parenteral vaccination campaign against canine rabies in Ndjamena, Chad. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, (81): 739-744.
[7] Dürr S, Mindekem R, Kanika Y, Doumagoum Moto D, Meltzer MI, Vounatsou P, et al, (2009). Effectiveness of dog rabies vaccination programmes: comparison of owner-charged and free vaccination campaigns. Epidemiology and Infection, 137(11): 1558–67.
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[17] Mindekem R, Lechenne S M, Assandi Oussiguere, Kemdongarti Naissengar S, Bidjeh Kebkiba et al (2017). Post-Exposure-Prophylaxis and canine mass vaccination against rabies in N'Djamena, Chad. Forehead. Vet. Sci. 4: 38.
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[19] Durr S, Mindekem R, Kanika Y, Doumagoum Moto D, Meltzer MI, Vounatsou P, et al. (2009). Effectiveness of dog rabies vaccination programs: comparison of owner-charged and free vaccination campaigns. Epidemiology and Infect. Nov. 137 (11): 1558-67.
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    Bidjeh Kebkiba, Mahamat Ouagal, Mahamat Makoundji Kourdina, Naïssengar Kemdongarti, Rollande Mindekem, et al. (2017). Situation of Rabies in the Republic of Chad. Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 5(4), 52-56. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20170504.11

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    ACS Style

    Bidjeh Kebkiba; Mahamat Ouagal; Mahamat Makoundji Kourdina; Naïssengar Kemdongarti; Rollande Mindekem, et al. Situation of Rabies in the Republic of Chad. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2017, 5(4), 52-56. doi: 10.11648/j.avs.20170504.11

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    AMA Style

    Bidjeh Kebkiba, Mahamat Ouagal, Mahamat Makoundji Kourdina, Naïssengar Kemdongarti, Rollande Mindekem, et al. Situation of Rabies in the Republic of Chad. Anim Vet Sci. 2017;5(4):52-56. doi: 10.11648/j.avs.20170504.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.avs.20170504.11,
      author = {Bidjeh Kebkiba and Mahamat Ouagal and Mahamat Makoundji Kourdina and Naïssengar Kemdongarti and Rollande Mindekem and Oussiguéré Assandi},
      title = {Situation of Rabies in the Republic of Chad},
      journal = {Animal and Veterinary Sciences},
      volume = {5},
      number = {4},
      pages = {52-56},
      doi = {10.11648/j.avs.20170504.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20170504.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.avs.20170504.11},
      abstract = {Known since the highest antiquity, rabies is a viral, mortal disease. Rabies affects all mammals, including humans, and is a threat to both public and animal health. Rabies is therefore a zoonosis. Rabies is caused by a virus belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae and gender lyssavirus. Rabies virus is an enveloped virus presenting in an electron microscopy as a shell. It is a viral disease that is characterized by encephalitis. It is poorly controlled and even increasing in many countries in Africa and Asia. In Chad, rabies is enzootic, and its diagnosis is only possible at the Veterinary and Zootechnical Research Laboratory of Farcha (LRVZ), the current Livestock Research Institute for Development (IRED). In intertropical Africa, rabies is urban; it is carried by dogs that represent the reservoir of the wild virus and the vector of the disease in humans because of the close ties they keep with humans. Other domestic animals do not intervene much. This manuscript describes the evolution of the epidemiological situation of rabies in the Republic of Chad and the results of the studies carried out in this field from 1990 to date. The results of the mass and free vaccination campaigns undertaken in 2003, 2012 and 2013 gave a vaccination coverage rate of 78, 70.83 and 71% respectively; On the other hand, the mass and paid vaccination campaign gave a vaccination coverage rate of 23%. Thanks to the results of the two mass vaccination campaigns for dogs and other companion animals, the incidence of rabies in N'Djamena drops from four (4) new cases per month in 2012 to less than two cases per month in 2014. Although efforts were made to control the diease, the existing data on canine rabies in Chad are fragmentary and do not allow accurate description of the disease situation throughout the country. To effectively control rabies in Chad, mass vaccination campaign for dogs and other companion animals must be free of charge throughout the all national territory, since the fight against rabies is a public good, an ethical imperative that can contribute to the fight against poverty. Emphasis should therefore be put on raising public awareness by using all possible means, such as radio, television, newspapers and awareness-raising meetings.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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    AU  - Bidjeh Kebkiba
    AU  - Mahamat Ouagal
    AU  - Mahamat Makoundji Kourdina
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    AB  - Known since the highest antiquity, rabies is a viral, mortal disease. Rabies affects all mammals, including humans, and is a threat to both public and animal health. Rabies is therefore a zoonosis. Rabies is caused by a virus belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae and gender lyssavirus. Rabies virus is an enveloped virus presenting in an electron microscopy as a shell. It is a viral disease that is characterized by encephalitis. It is poorly controlled and even increasing in many countries in Africa and Asia. In Chad, rabies is enzootic, and its diagnosis is only possible at the Veterinary and Zootechnical Research Laboratory of Farcha (LRVZ), the current Livestock Research Institute for Development (IRED). In intertropical Africa, rabies is urban; it is carried by dogs that represent the reservoir of the wild virus and the vector of the disease in humans because of the close ties they keep with humans. Other domestic animals do not intervene much. This manuscript describes the evolution of the epidemiological situation of rabies in the Republic of Chad and the results of the studies carried out in this field from 1990 to date. The results of the mass and free vaccination campaigns undertaken in 2003, 2012 and 2013 gave a vaccination coverage rate of 78, 70.83 and 71% respectively; On the other hand, the mass and paid vaccination campaign gave a vaccination coverage rate of 23%. Thanks to the results of the two mass vaccination campaigns for dogs and other companion animals, the incidence of rabies in N'Djamena drops from four (4) new cases per month in 2012 to less than two cases per month in 2014. Although efforts were made to control the diease, the existing data on canine rabies in Chad are fragmentary and do not allow accurate description of the disease situation throughout the country. To effectively control rabies in Chad, mass vaccination campaign for dogs and other companion animals must be free of charge throughout the all national territory, since the fight against rabies is a public good, an ethical imperative that can contribute to the fight against poverty. Emphasis should therefore be put on raising public awareness by using all possible means, such as radio, television, newspapers and awareness-raising meetings.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Animal Health, Virology, Bacteriology and Epidemiology Units, Livestock Research Institute for Development (IRED), N'Djamena, Chad

  • Department of Animal Health, Virology, Bacteriology and Epidemiology Units, Livestock Research Institute for Development (IRED), N'Djamena, Chad

  • Department of Animal Health, Virology, Bacteriology and Epidemiology Units, Livestock Research Institute for Development (IRED), N'Djamena, Chad

  • Support Center for International Health (CSSI), N'Djamena, Chad

  • Department of Animal Health, Virology, Bacteriology and Epidemiology Units, Livestock Research Institute for Development (IRED), N'Djamena, Chad

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